body art rejuvenation definitions pdf 2020 free
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Wetlands Overview 2020: Judiciary Is Active, But Remains Ineffective
W Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, The Centre for Facial Plastic Surgery, Singapore 329563, Singapore
Background and Objective: Various periorbital rejuvenation techniques have been introduced over the last 3 decades. This study highlights important milestones in the evolution of periorbital rejuvenation surgery by identifying the 100 most-cited articles in this field. Material and Methods: The Web of Science citation index was used to identify the 100 most-cited articles concerning periorbital rejuvenation. Articles published in English from January 1989–April 2020 describing periorbital rejuvenation-related surgical techniques, facial aging, and anatomy were included. The terms “lower blepharoplasty”, “upper blepharoplasty”, “browlift”, “browplasty”, “endobrow lift”, “endoscopic brow”, “Foreheadplasty”, “lower eyelid anatomy”, “upper eyelid anatomy”, “forehead lift”, “eyelid rejuvenation”, “canthopexy”, “canthoplasty”, “eyelid fat pad”, “orbital fat pad”, “tear trough”, and “eyelid bags” were entered into the citation search. Web of Science Core Collection was the database used for the search. A manual review of the initial 159 studies was performed. Articles describing reconstructive or non-invasive techniques, injectable fillers, lasers, and neurotoxins were excluded. Of the 100 most-cited articles, the publication year, specialty journal, the corresponding author’s primary specialty, the focus of the article, the corresponding author’s country of residence, the type of study, and the level of evidence were analyzed. Results: The mean number of citations per article was 75 ± 42. There were more articles published from 1989–1999 (n = 53) than later decades. Most articles originated from the USA (n = 82) and were published in plastic surgery journals (n = 81). Plastic surgery was the primary specialty of the corresponding authors (n = 71), followed by oculoplastic surgery (n = 22). Most articles (n = 69) reported on surgical techniques. Of the clinical studies (n = 69), 45 (79%) provided level IV evidence. Conclusions: Of the 100 most-cited studies on periorbital rejuvenation, studies focusing on periorbital anatomy, aging, and surgical techniques comprised the most-cited publications. An anatomically based approach accounting for age-related changes in the periorbital structures is paramount in the field of contemporary periorbital rejuvenation.
The human face is composed of layers that play a role in facial appearance and aging. These layers are arranged in five lamellar components that are clearly defined in the scalp and range from superficial to deep, as follows: skin, subcutaneous tissue, the musculo-aponeurotic layer (superficial musculoaponeurotic system—SMAS), loose areolar tissue, and the deep fascia or periosteum. Facial rejuvenation is based on the manipulation and re-draping of these tissue layers as well as specific anatomic attachments including ligaments, adhesions, and septa.
Platelet Extracellular Vesicles
Rejuvenation, a word originating from the Latin words “re” and “juvenis”, meaning “young again”, has always been a historic interest in various cultures and civilizations. The first historically reported procedures for periorbital rejuvenation date back to the first century and stem from Aulus Cornelius Celsus’s seventh book of his encyclopedia De Medicina Ovto Libri [1]. Later accounts of the cauterization of excess eyelid skin by Arabian surgeons were reported in the 10th century [2]. In the 17th century, Ambroise Pare [3] performed corrections of excess eyelid skin. In 1896, Fuchs [4] introduced the word “blepharochalasis” to describe the thin, wrinkled eyelids of a teenager. In 1924, Bourguet [5] described transconjunctival lower eyelid blepharoplasty. In 1931, Claoué [6] and Passot [7] described the removal of the bulging fat pad in the lower eyelid, which was previously described by Bourguet through a transconjunctival approach. In 1947, Pierce et al. [8] described a technique of excising the corrugator supercilii muscle to treat frowning in a teacher. This was followed by Bames [9] in 1957, who described a technique for skin ellipse excision directly above the brow and the complete resection of the corrugator supercilii muscle to correct brow ptosis and frowning, respectively. In the same decade, Castañares [10] published a landmark article in which he described the orbital fat pad compartments in detail. He based his new blepharoplasty technique on this anatomical description, which became the basis for modern blepharoplasty. Subsequent reports in the late 1960s and 1970s by Rhees [11], Loeb [12], and Furnas [13] described the excision of redundant orbicularis oculi muscle tissue and bulging fat pads, emphasizing the importance of conservative resection.
An in-depth understanding of the periorbital anatomy and corresponding sub-units is paramount when planning rejuvenation in this area [14, 15, 16]. As various rejuvenation techniques have been introduced over the last 3 decades and our understanding of periorbital anatomy and aging has evolved, we aim to highlight the important milestones in our understanding of periorbital aging and the anatomy and evolution of periorbital rejuvenation surgical techniques. The 100 most-cited articles on aesthetic periorbital surgery were identified and presented in chronological order to serve as a resource for surgeons and trainees. Current approaches to eyelid and eyebrow rejuvenation are also presented.
Citation index was used to identify the 100 most-cited articles related to the topic of periorbital rejuvenation. Articles that were published in the English language from January 1989 to April 2020 were included in the study. The last 3 decades were selected as the timeframe of our study to ensure that the articles included were fundamental yet relevant to current periorbital surgical techniques. The terms “lower blepharoplasty”, “upper blepharoplasty”, “browlift”, “browplasty”, “endobrow lift”, “endoscopic brow”, “Foreheadplasty”, “lower eyelid anatomy”, “upper eyelid anatomy”, “forehead lift”, “eyelid rejuvenation”, “canthopexy”, “canthoplasty”, “eyelid fat pad”, “orbital fat pad”, “tear trough”, and “eyelid bags” were used in the citation search. The Web of Science Core Collection database was used in the search. A manual review of the initial 159 studies identified was performed. Articles that described non-invasive techniques, injectable fillers, lasers, neurotoxins, or periorbital reconstructive surgery were excluded. Articles describing periorbital rejuvenation-related surgical techniques, facial aging, and anatomy were included. After identifying the articles meeting the inclusion criteria, the top 100 were chosen to be highlighted in this article (Figure 1). In addition to citation count, the articles were further categorized by publication year, publishing journal, corresponding author’s primary specialty, focus of article, corresponding author’s country of residence, type of study, and level of evidence. The level of evidence was determined based on the methods described by Sullivan et al. [17].
Pdf) Body Art As Visual Language
The initial search was limited to 159 articles. Then, the abstracts of the most-cited 159 articles were individually reviewed. The 100 most-cited articles on periorbital rejuvenation are listed in this study (Table 1). The 100 most-cited articles were published between 1989 and 2020, spanning a 30-year period. The mean number of citations per article was 75 (standard deviation—SD: 42). There was a higher prevalence of articles published between 1989 and 1999 (n = 53) than later decades (Figure 2). Most articles (81%) were published in plastic surgery journals, of which 78% were published in the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Journal (n = 63) and originated from the United States (n = 82, 82%) (Figure 3 and Figure 4). Plastic and reconstructive surgery was the primary specialty of the corresponding authors in 71% of articles (n = 71), followed by oculoplastic surgery (n = 22) (Figure 5).
Of the 100 articles, 69 described surgical techniques, followed by anatomy (n = 22) and aging (n = 9). Clinical studies encompassed 57% of the top 100 most-cited articles, followed by review articles (n = 29) and basic science studies (n = 14). Clinical articles were classified according to their Level of Evidence. None of the studies provided level I evidence. Two studies [18] qualified as providing level II evidence, and two articles [19, 20] provided level III evidence. Of the remaining 57 most-cited clinical studies, 45 studies (79%) provided level IV and 8 provided level V evidence (14%) (Figure 6).
Evolution of technique of the direct transblepharoplasty approach for the correction of lower lid and midfacial aging: maximizing results and minimizing complications in a 5-year experience
In Vivo Study Of The Effects Of A Portable Cold Plasma Device And Vitamin C For Skin Rejuvenation
Objective changes in brow position, superior palpebral crease, peak angle of the eyebrow, and jowl surface area after volumetric radiofrequency treatments to half of the face
Abbreviations: PRS = plastic and reconstructive surgery; OPHT = ophthalmology;
The initial search was limited to 159 articles. Then, the abstracts of the most-cited 159 articles were individually reviewed. The 100 most-cited articles on periorbital rejuvenation are listed in this study (Table 1). The 100 most-cited articles were published between 1989 and 2020, spanning a 30-year period. The mean number of citations per article was 75 (standard deviation—SD: 42). There was a higher prevalence of articles published between 1989 and 1999 (n = 53) than later decades (Figure 2). Most articles (81%) were published in plastic surgery journals, of which 78% were published in the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Journal (n = 63) and originated from the United States (n = 82, 82%) (Figure 3 and Figure 4). Plastic and reconstructive surgery was the primary specialty of the corresponding authors in 71% of articles (n = 71), followed by oculoplastic surgery (n = 22) (Figure 5).
Of the 100 articles, 69 described surgical techniques, followed by anatomy (n = 22) and aging (n = 9). Clinical studies encompassed 57% of the top 100 most-cited articles, followed by review articles (n = 29) and basic science studies (n = 14). Clinical articles were classified according to their Level of Evidence. None of the studies provided level I evidence. Two studies [18] qualified as providing level II evidence, and two articles [19, 20] provided level III evidence. Of the remaining 57 most-cited clinical studies, 45 studies (79%) provided level IV and 8 provided level V evidence (14%) (Figure 6).
Evolution of technique of the direct transblepharoplasty approach for the correction of lower lid and midfacial aging: maximizing results and minimizing complications in a 5-year experience
In Vivo Study Of The Effects Of A Portable Cold Plasma Device And Vitamin C For Skin Rejuvenation
Objective changes in brow position, superior palpebral crease, peak angle of the eyebrow, and jowl surface area after volumetric radiofrequency treatments to half of the face
Abbreviations: PRS = plastic and reconstructive surgery; OPHT = ophthalmology;
